Rose water foundation











	WORLD SCIENTISTS' WARNING TO HUMANITY Human beings and the natural world are on a collision course. Human activities inflict harsh and often irreversible damage on the environment and on critical resources. If not checked, many of our current practices put at serious risk the future that we wish for human society and the plant and animal kingdoms, and may so alter the living world that it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know. Fundamental changes are urgent if we are to avoid the collision our present course will bring about. *THE ENVIRONMENT IS SUFFERING CRITICAL STRESS* The Atmosphere Stratospheric ozone depletion threatens us with enhanced ultra-violet radiation at the earth's surface, which can be damaging or lethal to many life forms. Air pollution near ground level, and acid precipitation, are already causing widespread injury to humans, forests and crops. Water Resources Heedless exploitation of depletable ground water supplies endangers food production and other essential human systems. Heavy demands on the world's surface waters have resulted in serious shortages in some 80 countries, containing 40% of the world's population. Pollution of rivers, lakes and ground water further limits the supply. Oceans Destructive pressure on the oceans is severe, particularly in the coastal regions which produce most of the world's food fish. The total marine catch is now at or above the estimated maximum sustainable yield. Some fisheries have already shown signs of collapse. Rivers carrying heavy burdens of eroded soil into the seas also carry industrial, municipal, agricultural, and livestock waste—some of it toxic Soil Loss of soil productivity, which is causing extensive land abandonment, is a widespread byproduct of current practices in agriculture and animal husbandry. Since 1945, 11% of the earth's vegetated surface has been degraded—an area larger than India and China combined—and per capita food production in many parts of the world is decreasing. Forests Tropical rain forests, as well as tropical and temperate dry forests, are being destroyed rapidly. At present rates, some critical forest types will be gone in a few years and most of the tropical rain forest will be gone before the end of the next century. With them will go large numbers of plant and animal species. Living Species The irreversible loss of species, which by 2100 may reach one third of all species now living, is especially serious. We are losing the potential they hold for providing medicinal and other benefits, and the contribution that genetic diversity of life forms gives to the robustness of the world's biological systems and to the astonishing beauty of the earth itself. Much of this damage is irreversible on a scale of centuries or permanent. Other processes appear to pose additional threats. Increasing levels of gases in the atmosphere from human activities, including carbon dioxide released from fossil fuel burning and from deforestation, may alter climate on a global scale. Predictions of global warming are still uncertain—with projected effects ranging from tolerable to very severe—but the potential risks are very great. Our massive tampering with the world's interdependent web of life—coupled with the environmental damage inflicted by deforestation, species loss, and climate change—could trigger widespread adverse effects, including unpredictable collapses of critical biological systems whose interactions and dynamics we only imperfectly understand. Uncertainty over the extent of these effects cannot excuse complacency or delay in facing the threat. *POPULATION* The earth is finite. Its ability to absorb wastes and destructive effluent is finite. Its ability to provide food and energy is finite. Its ability to provide for growing numbers of people is finite. And we are fast approaching many of the earth's limits. Current economic practices, which damage the environment, in both developed and underdeveloped nations, cannot be continued without the risk that vital global systems will be damaged beyond repair. Pressures resulting from unrestrained population growth put demands on the natural world that can overwhelm any efforts to achieve a sustainable future. If we are to halt the destruction of our environment, we must accept limits to that growth. A World Bank estimate indicates that world population will not stabilize at less than 12.4 billion, while the United Nations concludes that the eventual total could reach 14 billion, a near tripling of today's 5.4 billion. But, even at this moment, one person in five lives in absolute poverty without enough to eat, and one in ten suffers serious malnutrition. No more than one or a few decades remain before the chance to avert the threats we now confront will be lost and the prospects for humanity immeasurably diminished. *WARNING* We the undersigned, senior members of the world's scientific community, hereby warn all humanity of what lies ahead. A great change in our stewardship of the earth and the life on it, is required, if vast human misery is to be avoided and our global home on this planet is not to be irretrievably mutilated. *WHAT WE MUST DO* Five inextricably linked areas must be addressed simultaneously: 1. We must bring environmentally damaging activities under control to restore and protect the integrity of the earth's systems we depend on. We must, for example, move away from fossil fuels to more benign, inexhaustible energy sources to cut greenhouse gas emissions and the pollution of our air and water. Priority must be given to the development of energy sources matched to third world needs—small scale and relatively easy to implement. We must halt deforestation, injury to and loss of agricultural land, and the loss of terrestrial and marine plant and animal species. 2. We must manage resources crucial to human welfare more effectively. We must give high priority to efficient use of energy, water, and other materials, including expansion of conservation and recycling. 3. We must stabilize population. This will be possible only if all nations recognize that it requires improved social and economic conditions, and the adoption of effective, voluntary family planning. 4. We must reduce and eventually eliminate poverty. 5. We must ensure sexual equality, and guarantee women control over their own reproductive decisions. The developed nations are the largest polluters in the world today. They must greatly reduce their overconsumption, if we are to reduce pressures on resources and the global environment. The developed nations have the obligation to provide aid and support to developing nations, because only the developed nations have the financial resources and the technical skills for these tasks. Acting on this recognition is not altruism, but enlightened self-interest: whether industrialized or not, we all have but one lifeboat. No nation can escape from injury when global biological systems are damaged. No nation can escape from conflicts over increasingly scarce resources. In addition, environmental and economic instabilities will cause mass migrations with incalculable consequences for developed and undeveloped nations alike. Developing nations must realize that environmental damage is one of the gravest threats they face, and that attempts to blunt it will be overwhelmed if their populations go unchecked. The greatest peril is to become trapped in spirals of environmental decline, poverty, and unrest, leading to social, economic and environmental collapse. Success in this global endeavor will require a great reduction in violence and war. Resources now devoted to the preparation and conduct of war—amounting to over $1 trillion annually—will be badly needed in the new tasks and should be diverted to the new challenges. A new ethic is required—a new attitude towards discharging our responsibility for caring for ourselves and for the earth. We must recognize the earth's limited capacity to provide for us. We must recognize its fragility. We must no longer allow it to be ravaged. This ethic must motivate a great movement, convince reluctant leaders and reluctant governments and reluctant peoples themselves to effect the needed changes. The scientists issuing this warning hope that our message will reach and affect people everywhere. We need the help of many. We require the help of the world community of scientists—natural, social, economic, political; We require the help of the world's business and industrial leaders; We require the help of the worlds religious leaders; and We require the help of the world's peoples. We call on all to join us in this task. PROMINENT INDIVIDUALS AMONG MORE THAN 1,500 SIGNATORIES _Anatole Abragam, Physicist; Fmr. Member, Pontifical Academy of Sciences; France _Carlos Aguirre President, Academy of Sciences, Bolivia _Walter Alvarez Geologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Viqar Uddin Ammad, Chemist, Pakistani & Third World Academies, Pakistan _Claude Allegre, Geophysicist, Crafoord Prize, France _Michael Alpers Epidemiologist, Inst. of Med. Research, Papua New Guinea _Anne Anastasi, Psychologist, National Medal of Science, USA _Philip Anderson, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Christian Anfinsen, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; USA _How Ghee Ang, Chemist, Third World Academy, Singapore _Werner Arber, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Switzerland _Mary Ellen Avery, Pediatrician, National Medal of Science, USA _Julius Axelrod, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Michael Atiyah, Mathematician; President, Royal Society; Great Britain _Howard Bachrach, Biochemist, National Medal of Science, USA _John Backus, Computer Scientist, National Medal of Science, USA _Achmad Baiquni, Physicist, Indonesian & Third World Academies, Indonesia _David Baltimore, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _H. A. Barker, Biochemist, National Medal of Science, USA _Francisco J. Barrantes, Biophysicist, Third World Academy, Argentina _David Bates, Physicist, Royal Irish Academy, Ireland _Alan Battersby, Chemist, Wolf Prize in Chemistry, Great Britain _Baruj Benacerraf, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Georg Bednorz, Nobel laureate, Physics; Switzerland _Germot Bergold, Inst. Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Venezuela _Sune Bergstrom, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Sweden _Daniel Bes, Physicist, Argentinean & Third World Academies, Argentina _Hans Bethe, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Arthur Birch Chemist, Australian Academy of Science, Australia _Michael Bishop, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Konrad Bloch, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Nicholaas Bloembergen, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _David Mervyn Blow, Wolf Prize in Chemistry, Great Britain _Baruch Blumberg, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Bert Bolin, Meteorologist, Tyler Prize, Sweden _Norman Borlaug, Agricultural Scientist, Nobel laureate, Peace; USA & Mexico _Frederick Bormann, Forest Ecologist; Past President, Ecological Soc. of Amer.; USA _Raoul Bott, Mathematician, National Medal of Science, USA _Ronald Breslow, Chemist, National Medal of Science, USA _Ricardo Bressani, Inst. of Nutrition, Guatemalan & Third World Academies, Guatemala _Hermann Bruck, Astronomer, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Great Britain _Gerardo Budowski, Natural Resources, Univ. Para La Paz, Costa Rica _E. Margaret Burbidge, Astronomer, National Medal of Science, USA _Robert Burris, Biochemist, Wolf Prize in Agriculture, USA _Glenn Burton, Geneticist, National Medal of Science, USA _Adolph Butenandt, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Fmr. President, Max Planck Inst.; Germany _Sergio Cabrera, Biologist, Univ. de Chile, Chile _Paulo C. Campos, Medical scientist, Philippine & Third World Academies, Philippines _Ennio Candotti, Physicist; President, Brazilian Soc. Adv. of Science; Brazil _Henri Cartan, Wolf Prize in Mathematics, France _Carlos Chagas, Biologist; Univ. de Rio de Janeiro; Fmr. President, Pontifical Academy of Sciences; Brazil _Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar, Center for Liquid Crystal Research, India _Georges Charpak, Nobel laureate, Physics; France _Joseph Chatt, Wolf Prize in Chemistry, Great Britain _Shiing-Shen Chern, Wolf Prize in Mathematics, China & USA _Christopher Chetsanga, Biochemist, Affican & Third World Academies, Zimbabwe _Morris Cohen, Engineering, National Medal of Science, USA _Stanley Cohen, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Stanley N. Cohen, Geneticist, Wolf Prize in Medicine, USA _Mildred Cohn, Biochemist, National Medal of Science, USA _E. J. Corey, Nobel laureate, Chemistry, USA _John Cornforth, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain _Hector Croxatto, Physiologist, Pontifical & Third World Academies, Chile _Paul Crutzen, Chemist, Tyler Prize, Germany _Partha Dasgupta, Economist, Royal Society, Great Britain _Jean Dausset, Nobel laureate, Medicine; France _Ogulande Robert Davidson, Univ. Res. & Dev. Serv., African Acad., Sierra Leone _Margaret Davis, Ecologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Luis D'Croz, Limnologist, Univ. de Panama, Panama _Gerard Debreu, Nobel laureate, Economics; USA _Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Nobel laureate, Physics; France _Johann Deisenhofer, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Germany & USA _Frederica de Laguna, Anthropologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Paul-Yves Denis, Geographer, Academy of Sciences, Canada _Pierre Deligne, Mathematician, Crafoord Prize, France _Frank Dixon, Pathologist, Lasker Award, USA _Johanna Dobereiner, Biologist, First Sec., Brazilian Academy of Sci.; Pontifical & Third World Academies, Brazil _Joseph Doob, Mathematician, National Medal of Science, USA _Renato Dulbecco, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Heneri Dzinotyiweyi, Mathematician, African & Third World Academies, Zimbabwe _Manfred Eigen, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Germany _Samuel Eilenberg, Wolf Prize in Mathematics, USA _Mahdi Elmandjra, Economist; Vice President, African Academy of Sciences; Morocco _Paul Ehrlich, Biologist, Crafoord Prize, USA _Thomas Eisner, Biologist, Tyler Prize, USA _Mohammed T. El-Ashry, Environmental scientist, Third World Academy, Egypt & USA _Gertrude Elion, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Aina Elvius, Astronomer, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden _K. O. Emery, Oceanographer, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Paul Erdos, Wolf Prize in Mathematics, Hungary _Richard Ernst, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Switzerland _Vittorio Ersparmer, Pharmacologist, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Italy _Sandra Faber, Astronomer, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Nina Federoff, Embryologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Herman Feshbach, Physicist, National Medal of Science, USA _Inga Fischer-Hjalmars, Biologist, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden _Michael Ellis Fisher, Physicist, Wolf Prize in Physics, Great Britain & USA _Val Fitch, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Daflinn Follesdal, President, Norwegian Academy of Science; Norway _William Fowler, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Otto Frankel, Geneticist, Australian Academy of Sciences, Australia _Herbert Friedman, Wolf Prize in Physics, USA _Jerome Friedman, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Konstantin V. Frolov Engineer; Vice President, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russia _Kenichi Fukui, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Japan _Madhav Gadgil, Ecologist, National Science Academy, India _Mary Gaillard, Physicist, National Academy of Sciences. USA _Carleton Gajdusek, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Robert Gallo, Research Scientist, Lasker Award, USA _Rodrigo Gamez ,Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Costa Rica _Antonio Garcia-Bellido, Biologist, Univ. Auto. Madrid, Royal Society, Spain _Leopoldo Garcia-Collin, Physicist, Latin American & Third World Academies, Mexico _Percy Garnham, Royal Society & Pontifical Academy, Great Britain _Richard Garwin, Physicist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Murray Gell-Mann, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Georgii Georgiev, Biologist, Lenin Prize, Russia _Humam Bishara Ghassib, Physicist, Third World Academy, Jordan _Ricardo Giacconi, Astronomer, Wolf Prize in Physics, USA _Eleanor J. Gibson, Psychologist, National Medal of Science, USA _Marvin Goldberger, Physicist; Fmr. President, Calif. Inst. of Tech., USA _Maurice Goldhaber, Wolf Prize in Physics, USA _Donald Glaser, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Sheldon Glashow, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _James Gowans, Wolf Prize in Medicine, France _Roger Green, Anthropologist, Royal Society, New Zealand _Peter Greenwood, Ichthyologist, Royal Society, Great Britain _Edward Goldberg, Chemist, Tyler Prize, USA _Coluthur Gopolan, Nutrition Foundation of India, Indian & Third World Academies, India _Stephen Jay Gould, Paleontologist, Author, Harvard Univ., USA _Roger Guillemin, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Herbert Gutowsky, Wolf Prize in Chemistry, USA _Erwin Hahn, Wolf Prize in Physics, USA _Gonzalo Halffter, Ecologist, Inst. Pol. Nac. ,Mexico _Kerstin Hall, Endocrinologist, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden _Mohammed Ahmed Hamdan, Mathematician, Third World, Academy, Jordan _Adnan Hamoui, Mathematician, Third World, Academy, Kuwait _A. M. Harun-ar Rashid, Physicist; Sec., Bangladesh, Academy of Sci., Bangladesh _Mohammed H. A. Hassan, Physicist; Exec. Sec., Third World Academy of Sciences; Sudan & Italy _Ahmed Hassanli, Chemist, African Academy of Sciences, Tanzania & Kenya _Herbert Hauptman, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; USA _Stephen Hawking, Mathematician, Wolf Prize in Physics, Great Britain _Elizabeth Hay, Biologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Dudley Herschbach, Nobel laureate, Chemistry, USA _Gerhard Herzberg, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Canada _Antony Hewish, Nobel laureate, Physics; Great Britain _George Hitchings, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain _Roald Hoffman, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; USA _Robert Holley, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Nick Holonyak, Electrical Engineer, National Medal of Science, USA _Lars Hormander, Wolf Prize in Mathematics, Sweden _Dorothy Horstmann, Epidemiologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _John Houghton, Meteorologist; Chairman, Science Working Group, IPCC; Great Britain _Sarah Hrdy, Anthropologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Kenneth Hsu, Geologist, Third World Academy, China & Switzerland _Kun Huang, Physicist, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China _Hiroshi Inose, Electrical Engineer; Vice President, Engineering Academy; Japan _Turner T. Isoun, Pathologist, African Academy of Sciences, Nigeria _Francois Jacob, Nobel laureate, Medicine; France _Carl-Olof Jacobson Zoologist; Sec-Gen., Royal Academy of Sciences; Sweden _Dorothea Jameson, Psychologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Daniel Janzen, Biologist, Crafoord Prize, USA _Cecilia Jarlskog, Physicist, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden _Louise Johnson, Biophysicist, Royal Society, Great Britain _Harold Johnston, Chemist, Tyler Prize, USA _Victor A. Kabanov, Chemist, Lenin Prize in Science, Russia _Jerome Karle, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Robert Kates, Geographer, National Medal of Science, USA _Frederick I. B. Kayanja, Vice-Chnclr., Mbarara Univ., Third World Academy, Uganda _Joseph Keller, Mathematician, National Medal of Science, USA _Henry Kendall, Nobel laureate, Physics; Chairman, Union of Concerned Scientists; USA _John Kendrew, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain _Elisabeth Kessler, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden _Maung-U Khin, Pediatrician, Third World Academy, Myamnar & USA _Gurdev Khush, Agronomist, International Rice Institute, Indian Natl. Sci. Academy, India & Philippines _Susan Kieffer, Geologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Klaus von Klitzing, Nobel laureate, Physics; Germany _Aaron Klug, Nobel laureate, Chemistry, Great Britain _E. F. Knipling, Agricultural Researcher, National Medal of Science, USA _Walter Kohn, Physicist, National Medal of Science, USA _Janos Kornai, Economist, Hungarian Academy of Science, Hungary _Aderemi Kuku, Mathematician, African & Third World Acads., Nigeria _Ikuo Kushiro, Geologist, Japan Academy, Japan _Devendra Lal, Geophysicist, National Science Academy, India _Gerardo Lamas-Muller, Biologist, Museo de Historia Natural, Peru _Torvard Laurent, Physiological chemist; President, Royal Academy of Sciences; Sweden _Leon Lederman, Nobel laureate, Physics; Chr., Amer. Assn. Adv. Sci.; USA _Sang Soo Lee, Physicist, Korean & Third World Academies, Rep. of Korea _Yuan T. Lee, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; USA _Susan Leeman Pharmacologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Jean Marie Lehn, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; France _Wassily Leontief, Nobel laureate, Economics; USA _Luna Leopold, Geologist, National Medal of Science, USA _Louis Leprince-Ringuet, Physicist, French & Pontifical Academies, France _Vladilen Letokhov, Physicist, Lenin Prize in Science, Russia _Rita Levi-Montalcini, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA & Italy _Li Chang-lin, Environmental Sciences, Fudan University, China _Shan Tao Liao, Mathematician, Chinese & Third World Academies, China _William Lipscomb, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Jane Lubchenco, Zoologist; President-Elect, Ecological Soc. of Amer.; USA _Christopher Magazda, Limnologist, African Academy of Sciences, Zimbabwe _Lydia Phindile Makhubu, Chemist, Third World & African Academies, Swaziland _Khursheed Ahmad Malik, Microbiologist, Pakistan & Third World Academies, Pakistan & Germany _Lynn Margulis, Biologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Paul Marks, Oncologist, National Medal of Science, USA _George Martine, Inst. for Study of Society, Population, & Nature; Brazil _Frederico Mayor, Biochemist; Dir. Gen., UNESCO, Spain & France _Ernst Mayr, Zoologist, National Medal of Science, USA _Maclyn McCarty, Wolf Prize in Medicine, USA _James McConnell, Physicist, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Ireland _Digby McLaren, Past President, Royal Society of Canada; Canada _James Meade, Nobel laureate, Economics; Great Britain _Jerrold Meinwald, Chemistry, Tyler Prize, USA _M. G. K Menon, Physicist; President, International Council of Scientific Unions; India _Gennady Mesiatz, Physicist; Vice President, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russia _Jan Michalski, Biologist, Polish Academy of Science, Poland _Hartmut Michel, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Germany _Brenda Milner, Neurologist, Academy of Sciences, Canada _Cesar Milstein, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Argentina & Great Britain _Franco Modigliani, Nobel laureate, Economics; USA _Andrei Monin, Oceanologist, State Prize, Russia _Marcos Moshinsky, Physicist, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Mexico _Nevill Mott, Nobel laureate, Physics; Great Britain _Teruaki Mukaiyama, Chemist, Japan Academy, Japan _Walter Munk, Geophysicist, National Medal of Science, USA _Anne Murray, Ethnographer, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden _Joseph Murray, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Noreen Murray, Biologist, Royal Society, Great Britain _Lawrence Mysak, Meteorologist; Vice President, Academy of Science, Royal Society of Canada; Canada _Jayant Vishnu Narlikar, Astrophysicist, Indian & Third World Academies, India _Anwar Nasim, Biologist, Third World Academy, Saudi Arabia _Kim Nasmyth, Biologist, Royal Society, Great Britain & Austria _James Neel, Geneticist, National Medal of Science, USA _Louis Neel, Nobel laureate, Physics; France _Yuval Ne'eman, Physicist, Natl. Acad. of Sci. & Humanities, Israel _Oleg M. Nefedov, Chemist; Vice President, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russia _Erwin Neher, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Germany _Marshall Nirenberg, Biochemist; Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Yasutomi Nishizuka, Biochemist, Lasker Award, Japan _John S. Nkoma, Physicist, Third World Academy, Botswana _Paul Nchoji Nkvvi, Anthropologist, African Academy, Cameroon _Howard Odum, Ecologist, Crafoord Prize, USA _Bede Nwoye Okigbo, Agricultural Scientist; Dir., U.N. Unv. Pgm. Natrl. Res. in Afr.; Nigeria & Kenya _Ayub Khan Ommaya, Neurobiologist, Third World Academy, Pakistan & USA _Cyril Agodi Onwumechili, Physicist, Fmr. Pres., Nigerian Acad. of Sciences, Nigeria & Great Britain _Mary Jane Osborn, Microbiologist, National Academy of Scientists, USA _Yuri Ossipyan, Physicist; Vice President, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russia _Autzr Singh Paintal, Physiologist, Fmr. President, Indian National Science Academy, India _George Pake, Physicist, National Medal of Science, USA _George Palade, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Mary Lou Pardue, Biologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Linus Pauling, Nobel laureate, Chemistry & Peace, USA _Barbara Pearse, Molecular Biologist, Royal Society, Great Britain _Muhammed Abed Peerally, Biologist, Third World Academy, Mauritius _Manuel Peimbert, Astronomer, Univ. Nac. Aut. de Mexico, Mexico _Roger Penrose, Mathematician, Wolf Prize in Physics, Great Britain _John Philip, Agricultural Science, Australian Academy of Science, Australia _Lilian Pickford, Physiologist, Royal Society, Great Britain _John R. Pierce, Electrical Engineer, National Medal of Science, USA _John Polanyi, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Canada _George Porter, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain _Ilya Prigogine, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Belgium _Giampietro Puppi, Physicist, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Italy _Edward Purcell, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Atta ur-Rahman, Chemist, Pakistani & Third World Academies, Pakistan _G. N. Ramachandran, Mathematician, Inst. of Science, India _Tiruppattur Ramakrishnan, Physicist, Indian & Third World Academies, India _Chintamani Rao, Inst. of Science, Indian and Pontifical Academies, India _Eduardo Rapoport, Ecologist, Third World Academy, Argentina _Marianne Rasmuson, Geneticist, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden _Peter Raven, Director, Missouri Botanical Garden; National Academy of Sciences, USA _Martin Rees, Astronomer, Royal Society & Pontifical Academy, Great Britain _Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff, Anthropologist, Columbian & Third World Academies, Columbia _Tadeus Reichstein, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Switzerland _Frederick Reines, Physicist, National Medal of Science, USA _Alexander Rich, Biologist, National & Pontifical Academies, USA _Burton Richter, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Ralph Riley, Wolf Prize in Agriculture, Great Britain _Claude Rimington, Inst. for Cancer Research, Norwegian Academy of Science, Norway _Gustavo Rivas Mijares, Engineer; Fmr. President, Academy of Sciences, Venezuela _Frederick Robbins, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Wendell Roelofs, Entomologist, National Medal of Science, USA _Betty Roots, Zoologist, Academy of Sciences, Canada _Miriam Rothschild, Biologist, Royal Society, Great Britain _Sherwood Rowland, Chemist; President, American Association for the Advancement of Science; USA _Janet Rowley, Physician, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Carlo Rubbia, Nobel laureate, Physics, Italy & Switzerland _Vera Rubin, Physicist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Yuri Rudenko, Energy Research Inst., State Prize laureate, Russia _Elizabeth Russell, Jackson Laboratory, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Albert Sabin, Virologist, National Medal of Science, USA _Carl Sagan, Astrophysicist & Author, USA _Roald Sagdeev, Physicist, Russian & Pontifical Academies, Russia & USA _Ruth Sager, Geneticist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Farrokh Saidi, Surgeon, Third World Academy, Iran _Abdus Salam, Nobel laureate, Physics; President, Third World Academy of Sciences, Pakistan & Italy _Frederick Sanger, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain _Jose Sarukhan, Biologist, Third World Academy, Mexico _Berta Scharrer,Neuroscientist, National Medal of Science, USA _Richard Schultes, Botanist, Tyler Prize, USA _Melvin Schwartz, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Julian Schwinger, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Glenn Seaborg, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _Michael Sela, Weizmann Inst., Pontifical Academy of Science, Israel _Arne Semb-Johansson, Entomologist, Norwegian Academy of Science, Norway _Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Chemist, Pontifical & Third World Academies, Pakistan _Kai Siegbahn, Nobel laureate, Physics; Sweden _Thomas Silou, Biochemist, African Academy of Sciences, Congo _Herbert Simon, Nobel laureate, Economics; USA _Alexej Sitenko, Physicist, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Ukraine _Jens Skou, Biophysicist, Royal Academy of Sciences, Denmark _Charles Slack, Agricultural Science, Royal Society, New Zealand _George Snell, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Roger Sperry, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Alexander Spirin, Biologistn Lenin Prize, Russia _Earl Stadtman, Biochemist, National Medal of Science, USA _Thressa Stadtman, Biochemist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Ledyard Stebbins, Geneticist, National Medal of Science, USA _Jack Steinberger, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA & Switzerland _Janos Szentgothai, Fmr. President, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Hungary _Tan Jia-zhen, Geneticist, Shanghai Univ., China _Andrezej Tarkowski, Embryologist, Polish [text missing] _Valentine Telegdi, Wolf Prize in Physics, Switzerland _Kirthi Tennakone, Physicist, Third World Academy, Sri Lanka _Walter Thirring, Physicist, Austrian & Pontifical Academies, Austria _Donnall Thomas, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Jan Tinbergen, Nobel laureate, Economics; Netherlands _Samuel C. C. Ting, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA _James Tobin, Nobel laureate, Economics; USA _Alexander Todd, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain _Susumu Tonegawa, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Japan & USA _Cheng Kui Tseng, Oceanologist, Chinese & Third World Academies, China _Hans Tuppy, Biochemist, Austrian & Pontifical Academies, Austria _James Van Allen, Physicist, Crafoord Prize, USA _Simon van der Meer, Nobel laureate, Physics; Netherlands & Switzerland _John Vane, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Great Britain _Harold Varmus, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Martha Vaughan, Biochemist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _George Wald, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Henrik Wallgren, Zoologist, Society of Science & Letters, Finland _E. T. S. Walton, Nobel laureate, Physics, Ireland _Prawase Wasi, Hematologist, Third World Academy, Thailand _Gerald Wasserburg, Geophysicist, Crafoord Prize, USA _James Watson, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Victor Weisskopf, Wolf Prize in Physics, USA _Thomas Weller, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Diter von Wettstein, Physiologist, Royal Academy of Sciences, Denmark _Fred Whipple, Astronomer, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Gilbert White, Geographer, Tyler Prize, USA _Torsten Wiesel, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA _Jerome Wiesner, Physicist, Fmr. President, Mass. Inst. of Tech., USA _Maurice Wilkins, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Great Britain _Geoffrey Wilkinson, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain _Richard Willems, Geneticist, Estonian Biocentre, Estonia _Edward O. Wilson, Biologist, Crafoord Prize, USA _Lawrence A. Wilson, Agricultural Science, Third World Academy, Trinidad _Evelyn Witkin, Biologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA _Yang Fujia, Physicist, Chinese & Third World Academies, China _Alexander L. Yanshin, Geologist, Karpinsky Gold Medal, Russia _Yongyuth Yuthavong, Biochemist; Director, National Sci. & Tech. Devl. Agency, Thailand _Zhao Zhong-xian, Physicist, Chinese & Third World Academies, China _Zhou Guang-zhao, Physicist; President, Chinese Academy of Sciences;, China _Solly ZuckerInan, Zoologist, Royal Society, Great Britain Over 1,500 members of national, regional, and international science academies have signed the Warning. Sixtynine nations from all parts of Earth are represented, including each of the twelve most populous nations and the nineteen largest economic powers. The full list includes a majority of the Nobel laureates in the sciences. Awards and institutional affiliations are listed for the purpose of identification only. The Nobel Prize in medicine is for physiology or medicine. A WORLD SCIENTISTS' WARNING BRIEFING BOOK is available from the Union of Concerned Scientists. It provides the citations to support their WARNING.

WORLD SCIENTISTS' WARNING TO HUMANITY